Download Vpython Module Mac For Python 3.5

1. Download Vpython Module Mac For Python 3.5 Pdf
2. Download Python 3 For Mac

Important

If you are using Python from a python.org64-bit/32-bit Python installer for Mac OS X 10.6 and later,you should only use IDLE or tkinter with an updatedthird-party Tcl/Tk 8.5, likeActiveTcl 8.5installed.

Python 3.3.5 release candidate 1 was released on February 23th, 2014. This release fixes a regression with the zipimport functionality in 3.3.4 and several other bugs found in Python 3.3.4. This release fully supports OS X 10.9 Mavericks. Dropped support for Python 3.5. V2.3.6(November 16,2020) Fixed a bug that was preventing the connector from working on Windows with Python 3.8. Improved the string formatting in exception messages. For dependency checking, increased the version condition for the cryptography package from.

If you are using OS X 10.9 Mavericks and a Python from a python.org64-bit/32-bit installer,application windows may not update properly due toa Tk problem.Installthe latest ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0 if possible.(Also, a critical OS X 10.9 problemthat could cause Python to crash when used interactively has been fixed asof the 3.4.0, 3.3.3, and 2.7.6 installers.)

If you are using Mac OS X 10.6, do not use IDLE or Tkinterfrom the Apple-supplied Python 2.6.1 in Mac OS X 10.6. If possible,install and use a newer version of Python and of Tcl/Tk.

Larry Hastings (3.5.x source files and tags) (key id: 3A5C A953 F73C 700D) Benjamin Peterson (2.7.z source files and tags) (key id: 04C3 67C2 18AD D4FF and A4135B38) Release files for older releases which have now reached end-of-life may have been signed by one of the following. Downloads Mac OS X; Python Releases for Mac OS X. Latest Python 3 Release - Python 3.4.0; Latest Python 2 Release - Stable Releases. Download Mac OS X 64-bit/32-bit installer; Python 3.3.5 - March 9, 2014. Download Mac OS X 32-bit i386/PPC installer; Download Mac OS X 64-bit/32-bit installer. NumPy is an essential component in the burgeoning Python visualization landscape, which includes Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Altair, Bokeh, Holoviz, Vispy, Napari, and PyVista, to name a few. NumPy's accelerated processing of large arrays allows researchers to visualize datasets far larger than native Python could handle.

Python's integrated development environment,IDLE, and thetkinter GUI toolkitit uses, depend on the Tk GUI toolkit which isnot part of Python itself. For best results, it is important that theproper release of Tcl/Tk is installed on your machine.For recent Python installers for Mac OS X downloadable from this website,here is a summary of current recommendations followed by more detailedinformation.

There are currently three major variants of Tk in common use on Mac OS X:

Aqua Carbon Tk

This has been the most common native version on Mac OS X.Because is is implemented with older Mac OS X Carbon interfaces, it isonly available as a 32-bit binary (usually for Intel and PowerPCprocessors). Aqua Carbon Tk 8.4 is included with Mac OS X releases 10.4through 10.9 and is also available from ActiveState. Aqua Carbon variantsof Tk 8.5 had been available as an ActiveState Community Download priorto ActiveTcl 8.5.9. As of 8.5.13, the Tk project no longer supportsCarbon builds of Tk 8.5.

Aqua Cocoa Tk

A newer native implementation availableas a universal 64-bit and 32-bit binary. This variant is the standard nativeOS X variant in Tk 8.6 and as of Tk 8.5.13. Aqua Cocoa support wasbackported to Tk 8.5 (prior to 8.5.13) and released by Apple starting with Mac OS X 10.6and by ActiveState starting with their 8.5.9.1 release. While the Pythoninstallers downloadable from this website do not support Aqua Cocoa Tk 8.6,other distributors of Python for Mac OS X may do so.

X11 Tk

The traditional platform-independent UNIX Tk implementation whichrequires an X11 server, such as the Apple X11.app available as anoptional component in all recent Mac OS X releases. 64-bit and32-bit binaries can be built. While the Python installers downloadablefrom this website do not support X11 Tk, other distributors ofPython for Mac OS X may do so.

ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0

ActiveState provides binary distributions of Tcl/Tk which are upward compatiblewith and generally more up-to-date than those provided by Apple in Mac OS Xreleases. This version of Tcl/Tk includes fixes for some critical problemsthat you may encounter using tkinter or IDLE (see Apple 8.5.9 below).Note that, while the ActiveState web site refers to 8.5.15.0,the installer dmg link has been updated to download ActiveTcl 8.5.15.1.The 8.5.15.1 update contains the fix for the OS X 10.9 Mavericks windowupdate problem.You can download an installer for this release fromthe ActiveState web site.Note that ActiveState Community Edition binaries are not open source andare covered by an ActiveState license. You should read the licensebefore downloading to verify that your usage complies with its terms of use.This is an Aqua Cocoa Tk.

Apple 8.5.9

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.9, 10.8, and 10.7. As of this writing,there are at least two known issues with Tk 8.5.9 thatare present in Apple 8.5.9 Tk but fixed in more recent upstream 8.5 releases.The more serious problem is an immediate crash in Tkwhen entering a composition character, like Option-u on a US keyboard.(This problem is documented asTk bug 2907388.)There is also the more general problem of input manager support for compositecharacters(Tk bug 3205153)which has also been fixed in more recent Tcl/Tk 8.5 releases.You can avoid these problems by using a current python.org installerthat links with ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0.This is an Aqua Cocoa Tk.

Apple 8.5.7

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.6. IDLE is known to hang or crashwhen used with the Apple 8.5.7 included in all versions of Mac OS X 10.6.x.Because of this,we strongly recommend that you do not attempt to use Tkinter or IDLE withthe Apple-supplied Python 2.6.1 in 10.6. Instead, install a newer version ofPython that supports a newer version of Tk.This is an Aqua Cocoa Tk.

ActiveTcl 8.4.20

ActiveState provides binary distributions of Tcl/Tk which are upward compatiblewith and generally more up-to-date than those provided by Apple in Mac OS Xreleases. You can download an installer for this release fromthe ActiveState web site.Note that ActiveState Community Edition binaries are not open source andare covered by an ActiveState license. You should read the licensebefore downloading to verify that your usage complies with its terms of use.This is an Aqua Carbon Tk.

Apple 8.4.19

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.9, 10.8, 10.7, and 10.6.This is an Aqua Carbon Tk.

Apple 8.4.7

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.4. This is an AquaCarbon Tk.

Note

While Tcl and Tk areseparate frameworks and libraries, they are closely related and arenormally installed or updated simultaneously. You should notattempt to mix-and-match Tcl and Tk versions. References toa specific version of Tk assume the corresponding version ofTcl is installed as well.

The Python for Mac OS X installers downloaded from this website dynamicallylink at runtime to Tcl/Tk Mac OS X frameworks. The Tcl/Tk major version isdetermined when the installer is created and cannot be overridden.The Python 64-bit/32-bit Mac OS X installers for Python 3.4.x, 3.3.x, 3.2.x,and 2.7.x dynamically link to Tcl/Tk 8.5 frameworks.32-bit-only Python installers for Mac OS X dynamically link to Tcl/Tk 8.4frameworks.

In either case, the dynamically linking occurs when tkinter (Python 3)or Tkinter (Python 2) is first imported (specifically, the internal_tkinter C extension module). By default, the Mac OS X dynamic linkerlooks first in /Library/Frameworks for Tcl and Tk frameworks withthe proper major version. This is the standard location for third-partyor built from source frameworks, including the ActiveTcl releases.If frameworks of the proper major version are not found there,the dynamic linker looks for the same version in/System/Library/Frameworks, the location for Apple-suppliedframeworks shipped with Mac OS X. (Note, you should normally not modifyor delete files in /System/Library.)

As is common on Mac OS X, the installed Pythons and the Tcl and Tkframeworks are built to run on multiple CPU architectures (universalbinaries) and across multiple Mac OS X levels (minimum deploymenttarget). For Python to be able to dynamically link with a particularTcl and Tk version, the available architectures in the Tcl/Tk frameworksmust include the architecture that Python is running in and theirminimum deployment target should be no greater than that of Python.The 64-bit/32-bit Mac OS X installers for Python 3.4.x, 3.3.x, 3.2.x,and 2.7.x are built with Intel-64 (x86_64) and Intel-32 (i386)architectures and a minimum deployment target of Mac OS X 10.6. TheApple 8.5.9 and ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0 releases discussed below are compatiblewith these installers. The 32-bit-only Python installers for Mac OS Xfrom this web site are built with Intel-32 (i386) and PowerPC-32 (ppc)architectures and are compatible with all current releases of Apple 8.4.x andActiveTcl 8.4.x. Starting with Python 3.3.0, the minimum deployment targetfor 32-bit-only installers is Mac OS X 10.5; for earlier releases, it wasMac OS X 10.3.9.

• 2014-07-01 - updated for 2.7.8
• 2014-06-01 - updated for 2.7.7; removed 2.7.6 and 3.3.5
• 2014-05-18 - updated for 3.4.1 and 2.7.7rc1
• 2014-03-16 - updated for 3.4.0 and 3.3.5
• 2014-02-10 - updated for 3.3.4 and 3.4.0rc1
• 2014-01-05 - updated for 3.4.0b2
• 2013-11-24 - clarify that the ActiveState website still refers to 8.5.15.0
• 2013-11-24 - removed built-in for 3.4.0b1, removed 3.3.2 and 2.7.5
• 2013-11-10 - ActiveTcl 8.5.15.1; removed built-in for 3.3.3rc2 and 2.7.6.
• 2013-10-27 - updated for 3.3.3rc1 and 2.7.6rc1 and their built-in 8.5.15.
• 2013-10-24 - updated for OS X 10.9 and ActiveTcl 8.5.15, removed 3.2.5.
• 2013-10-20 - updated for 3.4.0a4 and its built-in 8.5.15.
• 2013-09-29 - updated for 3.4.0a3
• 2013-09-09 - updated for 3.4.0a2 and its built-in 8.5.14.
• 2013-08-03 - updated for 3.4.0a1 and ActiveTcl 8.4.20
• 2013-05-18 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.14
• 2013-05-15 - updated for 3.3.2, 2.7.5, and 3.2.5
• 2013-04-06 - updated for 3.3.1, 2.7.4, and 3.2.4
• 2012-12-26 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.13 and Issue 15853 patch installer
• 2012-09-29 - updated for 3.3.0 final and reverted to ActiveTcl 8.5.11.1
• 2012-08-02 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.12
• 2012-07-28 - updated for OS X 10.8
• 2012-04-11 - updated for 3.2.3 final and 2.7.3 final
• 2012-03-18 - updated for 3.2.3rc2 and 2.7.3rc2
• 2012-03-04 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.11.1, 3.2.3rc1, 2.7.3rc1, removed 3.1.4
• 2011-11-12 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.11
• 2011-09-04 - updated for 3.2.2 final
• 2011-07-21 - updated for OS X 10.7 and ActiveTcl 8.5.10.1
• 2011-07-09 - updated for 3.2.1 final and ActiveTcl 8.5.10
• 2011-06-12 - updated for 2.7.2 final and 3.1.4 final
• 2011-05-30 - updated for 3.2.1rc, 2.7.2rc, and 3.1.4rc
• 2011-03-08 - add warnings and include details on how Python links with Tcl/Tk releases
• 2011-02-20 - updated for 3.2 final
• 2011-01-31 draft 1 - preliminary info for 3.2rc2
• 2011-01-14 draft 0

Source code:Lib/webbrowser.py

The webbrowser module provides a high-level interface to allow displayingWeb-based documents to users. Under most circumstances, simply calling theopen() function from this module will do the right thing.

Under Unix, graphical browsers are preferred under X11, but text-mode browserswill be used if graphical browsers are not available or an X11 display isn'tavailable. If text-mode browsers are used, the calling process will block untilthe user exits the browser.

If the environment variable BROWSER exists, it is interpreted as theos.pathsep-separated list of browsers to try ahead of the platformdefaults. When the value of a list part contains the string %s, then it isinterpreted as a literal browser command line to be used with the argument URLsubstituted for %s; if the part does not contain %s, it is simplyinterpreted as the name of the browser to launch. 1

For non-Unix platforms, or when a remote browser is available on Unix, thecontrolling process will not wait for the user to finish with the browser, butallow the remote browser to maintain its own windows on the display. If remotebrowsers are not available on Unix, the controlling process will launch a newbrowser and wait.

The script webbrowser can be used as a command-line interface for themodule. It accepts a URL as the argument. It accepts the following optionalparameters: -n opens the URL in a new browser window, if possible;-t opens the URL in a new browser page ('tab'). The options are,naturally, mutually exclusive. Usage example:

The following exception is defined:

Exception raised when a browser control error occurs.

The following functions are defined:

Display url using the default browser. If new is 0, the url is openedin the same browser window if possible. If new is 1, a new browser windowis opened if possible. If new is 2, a new browser page ('tab') is openedif possible. If autoraise is True, the window is raised if possible(note that under many window managers this will occur regardless of thesetting of this variable).

Note that on some platforms, trying to open a filename using this function,may work and start the operating system's associated program. However, thisis neither supported nor portable.

Raises an auditing eventwebbrowser.open with argument url.

Open url in a new window of the default browser, if possible, otherwise, openurl in the only browser window.

Open url in a new page ('tab') of the default browser, if possible, otherwiseequivalent to open_new().

Return a controller object for the browser type using. If using isNone, return a controller for a default browser appropriate to thecaller's environment.

Register the browser type name. Once a browser type is registered, theget() function can return a controller for that browser type. Ifinstance is not provided, or is None, constructor will be called withoutparameters to create an instance when needed. If instance is provided,constructor will never be called, and may be None.

Setting preferred to True makes this browser a preferred result fora get() call with no argument. Otherwise, this entry point is onlyuseful if you plan to either set the BROWSER variable or callget() with a nonempty argument matching the name of a handler youdeclare.

Download Vpython Module Mac For Python 3.5 Pdf

Changed in version 3.7: preferred keyword-only parameter was added.

A number of browser types are predefined. This table gives the type names thatmay be passed to the get() function and the corresponding instantiationsfor the controller classes, all defined in this module.

Notes:

1. 'Konqueror' is the file manager for the KDE desktop environment for Unix, andonly makes sense to use if KDE is running. Some way of reliably detecting KDEwould be nice; the KDEDIR variable is not sufficient. Note also thatthe name 'kfm' is used even when using the konqueror command with KDE2 — the implementation selects the best strategy for running Konqueror.

2. Only on Windows platforms.

3. Only on Mac OS X platform.

New in version 3.3: Support for Chrome/Chromium has been added.

Here are some simple examples:

Browser Controller Objects¶

Browser controllers provide these methods which parallel three of themodule-level convenience functions:

Display url using the browser handled by this controller. If new is 1, a newbrowser window is opened if possible. If new is 2, a new browser page ('tab')is opened if possible.

Open url in a new window of the browser handled by this controller, ifpossible, otherwise, open url in the only browser window. Aliasopen_new().

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Open url in a new page ('tab') of the browser handled by this controller, ifpossible, otherwise equivalent to open_new().

Footnotes

If you are using Python from a python.org64-bit/32-bit Python installer for Mac OS X 10.6 and later,you should only use IDLE or tkinter with an updatedthird-party Tcl/Tk 8.5, likeActiveTcl 8.5installed.

Python 3.3.5 release candidate 1 was released on February 23th, 2014. This release fixes a regression with the zipimport functionality in 3.3.4 and several other bugs found in Python 3.3.4. This release fully supports OS X 10.9 Mavericks. Dropped support for Python 3.5. V2.3.6(November 16,2020) Fixed a bug that was preventing the connector from working on Windows with Python 3.8. Improved the string formatting in exception messages. For dependency checking, increased the version condition for the cryptography package from.

If you are using OS X 10.9 Mavericks and a Python from a python.org64-bit/32-bit installer,application windows may not update properly due toa Tk problem.Installthe latest ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0 if possible.(Also, a critical OS X 10.9 problemthat could cause Python to crash when used interactively has been fixed asof the 3.4.0, 3.3.3, and 2.7.6 installers.)

If you are using Mac OS X 10.6, do not use IDLE or Tkinterfrom the Apple-supplied Python 2.6.1 in Mac OS X 10.6. If possible,install and use a newer version of Python and of Tcl/Tk.

Larry Hastings (3.5.x source files and tags) (key id: 3A5C A953 F73C 700D) Benjamin Peterson (2.7.z source files and tags) (key id: 04C3 67C2 18AD D4FF and A4135B38) Release files for older releases which have now reached end-of-life may have been signed by one of the following. Downloads Mac OS X; Python Releases for Mac OS X. Latest Python 3 Release - Python 3.4.0; Latest Python 2 Release - Stable Releases. Download Mac OS X 64-bit/32-bit installer; Python 3.3.5 - March 9, 2014. Download Mac OS X 32-bit i386/PPC installer; Download Mac OS X 64-bit/32-bit installer. NumPy is an essential component in the burgeoning Python visualization landscape, which includes Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Altair, Bokeh, Holoviz, Vispy, Napari, and PyVista, to name a few. NumPy's accelerated processing of large arrays allows researchers to visualize datasets far larger than native Python could handle.

Python's integrated development environment,IDLE, and thetkinter GUI toolkitit uses, depend on the Tk GUI toolkit which isnot part of Python itself. For best results, it is important that theproper release of Tcl/Tk is installed on your machine.For recent Python installers for Mac OS X downloadable from this website,here is a summary of current recommendations followed by more detailedinformation.

There are currently three major variants of Tk in common use on Mac OS X:

Aqua Carbon Tk

This has been the most common native version on Mac OS X.Because is is implemented with older Mac OS X Carbon interfaces, it isonly available as a 32-bit binary (usually for Intel and PowerPCprocessors). Aqua Carbon Tk 8.4 is included with Mac OS X releases 10.4through 10.9 and is also available from ActiveState. Aqua Carbon variantsof Tk 8.5 had been available as an ActiveState Community Download priorto ActiveTcl 8.5.9. As of 8.5.13, the Tk project no longer supportsCarbon builds of Tk 8.5.

Aqua Cocoa Tk

A newer native implementation availableas a universal 64-bit and 32-bit binary. This variant is the standard nativeOS X variant in Tk 8.6 and as of Tk 8.5.13. Aqua Cocoa support wasbackported to Tk 8.5 (prior to 8.5.13) and released by Apple starting with Mac OS X 10.6and by ActiveState starting with their 8.5.9.1 release. While the Pythoninstallers downloadable from this website do not support Aqua Cocoa Tk 8.6,other distributors of Python for Mac OS X may do so.

X11 Tk

The traditional platform-independent UNIX Tk implementation whichrequires an X11 server, such as the Apple X11.app available as anoptional component in all recent Mac OS X releases. 64-bit and32-bit binaries can be built. While the Python installers downloadablefrom this website do not support X11 Tk, other distributors ofPython for Mac OS X may do so.

ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0

ActiveState provides binary distributions of Tcl/Tk which are upward compatiblewith and generally more up-to-date than those provided by Apple in Mac OS Xreleases. This version of Tcl/Tk includes fixes for some critical problemsthat you may encounter using tkinter or IDLE (see Apple 8.5.9 below).Note that, while the ActiveState web site refers to 8.5.15.0,the installer dmg link has been updated to download ActiveTcl 8.5.15.1.The 8.5.15.1 update contains the fix for the OS X 10.9 Mavericks windowupdate problem.You can download an installer for this release fromthe ActiveState web site.Note that ActiveState Community Edition binaries are not open source andare covered by an ActiveState license. You should read the licensebefore downloading to verify that your usage complies with its terms of use.This is an Aqua Cocoa Tk.

Apple 8.5.9

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.9, 10.8, and 10.7. As of this writing,there are at least two known issues with Tk 8.5.9 thatare present in Apple 8.5.9 Tk but fixed in more recent upstream 8.5 releases.The more serious problem is an immediate crash in Tkwhen entering a composition character, like Option-u on a US keyboard.(This problem is documented asTk bug 2907388.)There is also the more general problem of input manager support for compositecharacters(Tk bug 3205153)which has also been fixed in more recent Tcl/Tk 8.5 releases.You can avoid these problems by using a current python.org installerthat links with ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0.This is an Aqua Cocoa Tk.

Apple 8.5.7

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.6. IDLE is known to hang or crashwhen used with the Apple 8.5.7 included in all versions of Mac OS X 10.6.x.Because of this,we strongly recommend that you do not attempt to use Tkinter or IDLE withthe Apple-supplied Python 2.6.1 in 10.6. Instead, install a newer version ofPython that supports a newer version of Tk.This is an Aqua Cocoa Tk.

ActiveTcl 8.4.20

ActiveState provides binary distributions of Tcl/Tk which are upward compatiblewith and generally more up-to-date than those provided by Apple in Mac OS Xreleases. You can download an installer for this release fromthe ActiveState web site.Note that ActiveState Community Edition binaries are not open source andare covered by an ActiveState license. You should read the licensebefore downloading to verify that your usage complies with its terms of use.This is an Aqua Carbon Tk.

Apple 8.4.19

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.9, 10.8, 10.7, and 10.6.This is an Aqua Carbon Tk.

Apple 8.4.7

This release is included in Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.4. This is an AquaCarbon Tk.

Note

While Tcl and Tk areseparate frameworks and libraries, they are closely related and arenormally installed or updated simultaneously. You should notattempt to mix-and-match Tcl and Tk versions. References toa specific version of Tk assume the corresponding version ofTcl is installed as well.

The Python for Mac OS X installers downloaded from this website dynamicallylink at runtime to Tcl/Tk Mac OS X frameworks. The Tcl/Tk major version isdetermined when the installer is created and cannot be overridden.The Python 64-bit/32-bit Mac OS X installers for Python 3.4.x, 3.3.x, 3.2.x,and 2.7.x dynamically link to Tcl/Tk 8.5 frameworks.32-bit-only Python installers for Mac OS X dynamically link to Tcl/Tk 8.4frameworks.

In either case, the dynamically linking occurs when tkinter (Python 3)or Tkinter (Python 2) is first imported (specifically, the internal_tkinter C extension module). By default, the Mac OS X dynamic linkerlooks first in /Library/Frameworks for Tcl and Tk frameworks withthe proper major version. This is the standard location for third-partyor built from source frameworks, including the ActiveTcl releases.If frameworks of the proper major version are not found there,the dynamic linker looks for the same version in/System/Library/Frameworks, the location for Apple-suppliedframeworks shipped with Mac OS X. (Note, you should normally not modifyor delete files in /System/Library.)

As is common on Mac OS X, the installed Pythons and the Tcl and Tkframeworks are built to run on multiple CPU architectures (universalbinaries) and across multiple Mac OS X levels (minimum deploymenttarget). For Python to be able to dynamically link with a particularTcl and Tk version, the available architectures in the Tcl/Tk frameworksmust include the architecture that Python is running in and theirminimum deployment target should be no greater than that of Python.The 64-bit/32-bit Mac OS X installers for Python 3.4.x, 3.3.x, 3.2.x,and 2.7.x are built with Intel-64 (x86_64) and Intel-32 (i386)architectures and a minimum deployment target of Mac OS X 10.6. TheApple 8.5.9 and ActiveTcl 8.5.15.0 releases discussed below are compatiblewith these installers. The 32-bit-only Python installers for Mac OS Xfrom this web site are built with Intel-32 (i386) and PowerPC-32 (ppc)architectures and are compatible with all current releases of Apple 8.4.x andActiveTcl 8.4.x. Starting with Python 3.3.0, the minimum deployment targetfor 32-bit-only installers is Mac OS X 10.5; for earlier releases, it wasMac OS X 10.3.9.

• 2014-07-01 - updated for 2.7.8
• 2014-06-01 - updated for 2.7.7; removed 2.7.6 and 3.3.5
• 2014-05-18 - updated for 3.4.1 and 2.7.7rc1
• 2014-03-16 - updated for 3.4.0 and 3.3.5
• 2014-02-10 - updated for 3.3.4 and 3.4.0rc1
• 2014-01-05 - updated for 3.4.0b2
• 2013-11-24 - clarify that the ActiveState website still refers to 8.5.15.0
• 2013-11-24 - removed built-in for 3.4.0b1, removed 3.3.2 and 2.7.5
• 2013-11-10 - ActiveTcl 8.5.15.1; removed built-in for 3.3.3rc2 and 2.7.6.
• 2013-10-27 - updated for 3.3.3rc1 and 2.7.6rc1 and their built-in 8.5.15.
• 2013-10-24 - updated for OS X 10.9 and ActiveTcl 8.5.15, removed 3.2.5.
• 2013-10-20 - updated for 3.4.0a4 and its built-in 8.5.15.
• 2013-09-29 - updated for 3.4.0a3
• 2013-09-09 - updated for 3.4.0a2 and its built-in 8.5.14.
• 2013-08-03 - updated for 3.4.0a1 and ActiveTcl 8.4.20
• 2013-05-18 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.14
• 2013-05-15 - updated for 3.3.2, 2.7.5, and 3.2.5
• 2013-04-06 - updated for 3.3.1, 2.7.4, and 3.2.4
• 2012-12-26 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.13 and Issue 15853 patch installer
• 2012-09-29 - updated for 3.3.0 final and reverted to ActiveTcl 8.5.11.1
• 2012-08-02 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.12
• 2012-07-28 - updated for OS X 10.8
• 2012-04-11 - updated for 3.2.3 final and 2.7.3 final
• 2012-03-18 - updated for 3.2.3rc2 and 2.7.3rc2
• 2012-03-04 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.11.1, 3.2.3rc1, 2.7.3rc1, removed 3.1.4
• 2011-11-12 - updated for ActiveTcl 8.5.11
• 2011-09-04 - updated for 3.2.2 final
• 2011-07-21 - updated for OS X 10.7 and ActiveTcl 8.5.10.1
• 2011-07-09 - updated for 3.2.1 final and ActiveTcl 8.5.10
• 2011-06-12 - updated for 2.7.2 final and 3.1.4 final
• 2011-05-30 - updated for 3.2.1rc, 2.7.2rc, and 3.1.4rc
• 2011-03-08 - add warnings and include details on how Python links with Tcl/Tk releases
• 2011-02-20 - updated for 3.2 final
• 2011-01-31 draft 1 - preliminary info for 3.2rc2
• 2011-01-14 draft 0

Source code:Lib/webbrowser.py

The webbrowser module provides a high-level interface to allow displayingWeb-based documents to users. Under most circumstances, simply calling theopen() function from this module will do the right thing.

Under Unix, graphical browsers are preferred under X11, but text-mode browserswill be used if graphical browsers are not available or an X11 display isn'tavailable. If text-mode browsers are used, the calling process will block untilthe user exits the browser.

If the environment variable BROWSER exists, it is interpreted as theos.pathsep-separated list of browsers to try ahead of the platformdefaults. When the value of a list part contains the string %s, then it isinterpreted as a literal browser command line to be used with the argument URLsubstituted for %s; if the part does not contain %s, it is simplyinterpreted as the name of the browser to launch. 1

For non-Unix platforms, or when a remote browser is available on Unix, thecontrolling process will not wait for the user to finish with the browser, butallow the remote browser to maintain its own windows on the display. If remotebrowsers are not available on Unix, the controlling process will launch a newbrowser and wait.

The script webbrowser can be used as a command-line interface for themodule. It accepts a URL as the argument. It accepts the following optionalparameters: -n opens the URL in a new browser window, if possible;-t opens the URL in a new browser page ('tab'). The options are,naturally, mutually exclusive. Usage example:

The following exception is defined:

Exception raised when a browser control error occurs.

The following functions are defined:

Display url using the default browser. If new is 0, the url is openedin the same browser window if possible. If new is 1, a new browser windowis opened if possible. If new is 2, a new browser page ('tab') is openedif possible. If autoraise is True, the window is raised if possible(note that under many window managers this will occur regardless of thesetting of this variable).

Note that on some platforms, trying to open a filename using this function,may work and start the operating system's associated program. However, thisis neither supported nor portable.

Raises an auditing eventwebbrowser.open with argument url.

Open url in a new window of the default browser, if possible, otherwise, openurl in the only browser window.

Open url in a new page ('tab') of the default browser, if possible, otherwiseequivalent to open_new().

Return a controller object for the browser type using. If using isNone, return a controller for a default browser appropriate to thecaller's environment.

Register the browser type name. Once a browser type is registered, theget() function can return a controller for that browser type. Ifinstance is not provided, or is None, constructor will be called withoutparameters to create an instance when needed. If instance is provided,constructor will never be called, and may be None.

Setting preferred to True makes this browser a preferred result fora get() call with no argument. Otherwise, this entry point is onlyuseful if you plan to either set the BROWSER variable or callget() with a nonempty argument matching the name of a handler youdeclare.

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Changed in version 3.7: preferred keyword-only parameter was added.

A number of browser types are predefined. This table gives the type names thatmay be passed to the get() function and the corresponding instantiationsfor the controller classes, all defined in this module.

Notes:

1. 'Konqueror' is the file manager for the KDE desktop environment for Unix, andonly makes sense to use if KDE is running. Some way of reliably detecting KDEwould be nice; the KDEDIR variable is not sufficient. Note also thatthe name 'kfm' is used even when using the konqueror command with KDE2 — the implementation selects the best strategy for running Konqueror.

2. Only on Windows platforms.

3. Only on Mac OS X platform.

New in version 3.3: Support for Chrome/Chromium has been added.

Here are some simple examples:

Browser Controller Objects¶

Browser controllers provide these methods which parallel three of themodule-level convenience functions:

Display url using the browser handled by this controller. If new is 1, a newbrowser window is opened if possible. If new is 2, a new browser page ('tab')is opened if possible.

Open url in a new window of the browser handled by this controller, ifpossible, otherwise, open url in the only browser window. Aliasopen_new().

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Open url in a new page ('tab') of the browser handled by this controller, ifpossible, otherwise equivalent to open_new().

Footnotes

Executables named here without a full path will be searched in thedirectories given in the PATH environment variable.